I have noticed a very small hummingbird sucking nectar from a basket of wishbone flowers near my back door.  Watching it closely, I realized that it was not a bird but a type of hawk moth, Macroglossum stellatarum, or a hummingbird hawk moth.  Because it has a long proboscis and hovers near blossoms, making a definite humming sound, it is easily mistaken for a tiny bird.

Hummingbird hawk moths have brown wings with black striations in the front, and orange wings outlined with black in the back.  Its body has more depth and breadth than is common to an insect, another feature that makes it appear bird-like.  Its wingspan is less than two inches, and the wings move at such a speed as to appear nearly invisible.

Entomologists have studied the visual acuity of these moths extensively.  Apparently, the hummingbird hawk moth shows the ability to learn colors.  They can be seen flying anytime of the day.  Once they discover a flower bed or hanging basket, they will return to it at the same time each day.

Everyone loves trees!  The serene greenness of a forest is soothing.  It’s beautiful.  It is something to be enjoyed, photographed and hiked through.

What does an acre of forested land really do for us?  Quite a lot, it turns out.  Each acre provides environmental services that, if had to be paid for otherwise, would cost taxpayers a lot of money.  One acre of forest can store 36.8 megatons of carbon.  It can also filter 2.6 megatons of carbon dioxide (the result of burning fossil fuels) out of the atmosphere.  Were that not a major contribution to a healthy environment, that same acre can also annually produce enough oxygen for 19 people to breath.

And forests are also critical to water quality, water quantity, flood mitigation, wildlife habitats and the removal of air pollution.

Each acre of forest provides $2,923 of recreational benefits for humans.  Access to those recreational benefits reduces health costs by $4,028 per acre.

How many acres of forest land is in your community?  In the National Heritage Corridor?

Given my recent blog about robins and their relationship with worms, it seems appropriate for me to give equal time to the worms.  I’ve been reading a very interesting book, The Earth Moved by Amy Stewart.  This particular book is about earthworms.  It has received rave reviews by The New York Times, the Boston Globe, the Washington Post and others.  I understand why.  I started reading it and couldn’t put it down.  Who knew that text about the finer details of those wiggly worms would be so interesting!

As Stewart puts it, the book is about “the remarkable achievements of earthworms.”  According to Charles Darwin, “It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world, as have these lowly organized creatures.” Earthworms are among our most plentiful life forms.

Common earthworms are the largest members of the class Oligochaeta in the phylum Annelida.  They are a grayish-red in color.  Worms react to stress just like any other organism.  While they are not slimy, they will secrete moisture (worm mucus) when touched or when their environment is disturbed.  Only a few inches long, they will thrive under optimal conditions and subsequent generations will be longer and bigger around.

Let’s take a trip back to high school biology, a course I particularly loved.  While it was 45 years ago, my memory has (remarkably) pulled out some of what I learned.  The earthworm is a tube made up of a series of segmented rings (called annuli).  It is an invertebrate, without a skeleton, but its shape is created by chambers filled with fluid.  The segments are covered in bristles called setae that help the worm to burrow and move.  (I remember diagramming this as clear as if it were yesterday!) The digestive system runs straight through the tube. The worm breathes through its skin and has a rudimentary circulatory system and a primitive brain.

The first segment of the earthworm contains its mouth.  In the act of burrowing, the mouth ingests soils so the earthworm can take in nutrients from the decomposed organic matter in the soil.  Actually, the nutrients come from the bacteria and fungi that grow in the decomposing matter.  Worms can eat up to one-third of their mass in soil each day.  Night crawlers are labeled as such because they are earthworms that feed and mate on the surface at night and burrow in to the soil during the day.

Earthworms are hermaphrodites with both male and female parts.  However, they need another worm to reproduce.  After mating, an earthworm will produce a little cocoon that is shaped like a small lemon – obviously a very small lemon – and colored dirty yellow to brown.  The cocoon is produced from a liquid secreted from a sac located in the front third of the worm.  Both sperm and egg cells are in the cocoon when it is formed and buried.  It takes two to four weeks for the new worms to come forth.

But here’s the cool thing about earthworms:  they are essential to healthy soil.  Worms can burrow as deep as six and a half feet.  With that activity, they are shredding and mixing nutrients and decomposed organics, aerating the soil, and keeping its texture loose so water can easily permeate and be retained and plants can take root.  Earthworms create casts (feces) as they digest soil and its associated microbes.  They generate tons of casts per acre each year, drastically affecting soil structure by adding many more microbes than they consume.  More microbes facilitate the conversion of nutrients from decomposing organic matter into forms that plants can absorb.  Brilliant!

The presence of earthworms indicates healthy soil.  They turn the soil and mix nutrients from the top soil into the lower levels.  According to the NRCS (USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service) website, “they can turn over the top six inches of soil in ten to twenty years.”  Amy Stewart calls earthworms “nature’s plough.”  It is estimated that in one square yard of fertile, organic soil, as many as 500 worms may be living. Anyone want to calculate the number of square yards per square mile times 556 square miles to estimate the number of earthworms in the National Heritage Corridor?

Earthworms are food for other animals like rats, birds and toads.  They are used as bait in both commercial and recreational fishing.  And they are the star of the home/business worm composting systems, where earthworms consume decomposing food scraps and create soil with their castings.

Darwin also said that “Archaeologists are probably not aware how much they owe to worms for the preservation of many ancient objects.  Coins, gold ornaments, stone implements, etc. if dropped on the surface of the ground, will infallibly be buried by the castings of worms in a few years, and will thus be safely preserved, until the land at some future time is turned up.”

Who knew?

The endearing American robin, also known as the “Harbinger of Spring.”  The notion goes so far back in my memory.   I fail to recognize the first time I became aware of the robin and its notoriety for marshalling in the welcomed, new spring season, which begins for me at the beginning of March.  We see robins all year long at our house.  So I began to wonder why robin earned such a dramatic reputation.

Consulting my Peterson’s, I quickly verified my assessment:  the American robin lives in the Blackstone Valley all year.  It winters here, breeds here and generally thrives here (and throughout most of the continental U.S.).  It is one specie that has benefited from the interaction of humans with the landscape.

Robins like short grass or bare ground as foraging areas for earthworms and arthropods.  They build their nests in trees or shrubs located near these preferable feeding areas. Despite resident predators like cats and raccoons or the occasional fisher cat, virtually any lawn area in the National Heritage Corridor is attractive to the robins.

The National Heritage Corridor also has the one other essential element for robins:  a supply of mud for nests.  The birds use a base of twigs, roots, grass and paper firmly molded into shape with an inner layer of mud.  While some may be built in conifers before leaves come out on other trees each spring, the nests are often relocated to deciduous trees and shrubs for cover the rest of the season.

Everyone is familiar with the startlingly beautiful blue eggs of the robin, usually laid in a group of six to eight.  They incubate for two weeks and hatch.  The resulting brood is watched by Mom, fed by Dad, and are off flying on their own in another two weeks.  Robins can produce two or three broods per season.

Distinguished by a bright orange-red breast, the American robin (Turdus migratorius) is a large thrush and one of the most familiar songbirds in the eastern United States.  It was named by early settlers because of its resemblance to the European robin, a somewhat smaller-sized thrush called Erithacus rubecula.

But let’s return to the question of “harbinger of spring.”  Where did that come from, if, in fact, the robins live in the National Heritage Corridor year round?

It’s the worms.  From March to May, earthworms (and other lawn “bugs”) constitute a major portion of the diet of robins, apparently because these foods are essential for breeding.  It’s easier to find the worms, et al, in shorter grass.  Hence, the preference for lawns.  Each spring, it seems like the robins have “returned” to our yards from who-knows-where, as they collect in numbers on our lawns and peck for worms.  The fact is they have just flown over from the tree next door looking for the season’s first crop of worms, as the wrigglers thaw themselves out and rise closer to the surface to do whatever it is worms do.

By June, robins begin to supplement their diet with fruit (such as honeysuckle) and the fruit takes on a larger portion of their food supply right through the fall.

So the next time you look out your window and see these birds in the yard, resist reinforcing the old falsehood by saying, “spring must be here, there are robins in the yard.”  It would be more accurate to say, “spring is here, the worms surfacing.”

The family tradition of cutting our own Christmas tree goes back to my childhood.  I remember walking for what seemed like miles with my Dad across the rocky fields of my grandmother’s farm.  My Mom had me wrapped up tighter than a mummy with heavy woolen snow pants, coat, mittens, hat and scarf, and rubber boots with multiple layers of wool socks – I walked like a zombie from The Walking Dead with joints incapable of movement.  Dad held my hand and helped me over the rougher terrain.  After all, I was only about four years old at the time of my first tree-cutting adventure.

It’s nearly Christmas and there are so many a special memories associated with the season.  My husband and I became engaged during the holidays many years ago, while enjoying a beautiful snowy escape in Old Quebec with its culinary traditions like tourtière.  So our holiday feast always features the French-Canadian meat pies.

My mother used to start writing notes to friends and addressing Christmas cards the first week in December.  She had the most beautiful handwriting, having been schooled in the Palmer Method.  Even her quick “scribbling” was an attractive conglomeration of swoops and flourishes.  I treasure her knitting instructions, recipe cards and letters as part of our family history.

In a few months, Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor will celebrate its 30^th anniversary.  As we designed our 2016 calendar, we used the opportunity to renew our commitment to our environment and to announce our Trash Responsibly™ campaign.  We hope you will join us to make some responsible choices that will have a positive impact on our Blackstone Valley during the holidays.  Let’s start with holiday gift wrapping.